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平台公正:互联网平台法律规制的基本原则(5)

注释

[1]Lessig, L., The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World, Random House, 2001, p. 34.

[2]Zittrain, J., "The Generative Internet", Harvard Law Review, 2006, 119(7), pp. 1974-2040.

[3]正是互联网这种生态的变化,对信息传播、用户权利、竞争秩序等方面带来了深远影响,也形成了法律规则变迁调试的压力。因此,本文讨论的平台,主要指那些居于主导性地位的平台。

[4]See Gawer, A., "Digital Platforms' Boundaries: The Interplay of Firm Scope, Platform Sides, and Digital Interfaces", Long Range Planning, 2021, 54(5).

[5]Furman, J. and Coyle, D. (eds.), "Unlocking Digital Competition: Report of the Digital Competition Expert panel", UK Government Publication, HM Treasury, 2019, p. 41.

[6]Crémer, J.; De Montjoye, Y-A. and Schweitzer, H., "Competition Policy for the Digital Era", European Commission, 2019, p. 49.

[7]See Morton, F. S. and Bouvier, P. (eds.), Committee for the Study of Digital Platforms: Market Structure and Antitrust Subcommittee Report, Chicago: Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State, University of Chicago Booth School of Business, 2019.

[8]共享经济就是典型实例。参见赵鹏:《平台、信息和个体:共享经济的特征及其法律意涵》,《环球法律评论》,2018年第4期。

[9]有学者以搜索引擎平台为例进行过相应的论证。参见赵鹏:《搜索引擎对信息传播的影响及其法律规制》,《比较法研究》,2018年第4期。

[10]"The Economic and Social Role of Internet Intermediaries", OECD, p. 9, https://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/44949023.pdf, 2010-04-08.

[11]当然,我国法律提供的责任豁免仍然与欧美等有较大差异,参见王迁:《信息网络传播权保护条例中“避风港”规则的效力》,《法学》,2010年第6期;徐伟:《通知移除制度的重新定性及其体系效应》,《现代法学》,2013年第1期。

[12]关于法律如何成就平台经济的理论分析,See Chander A., "How Law Made Silicon Valley," Emory Law Journal, 2014, 63(3)。

[13]参见赵鹏:《超越平台责任:网络食品交易规制模式之反思》,《华东政法大学学报》,2017年第1期。

[14]参见《中华人民共和国电子商务法》第27条、第38条、第83条。

[15]参见《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》第58条。

[16]有关私人企业作为公共利益“守门人”的理论分析,See Loo, R. V., "The New Gatekeepers: Private Firms as Public Enforcers", Virginia Law Review, 2020, 106(2)。

[17]目前,一些学者对行政监管要求被不加分析地用于判定民事责任的担忧,值得高度重视。参见万方:《公私法汇流的闸口:转介视角下的网络经营者安全保障义务》,《中外法学》,2020年第2期;姚志伟:《公法阴影下的避风港——以网络服务提供者的审查义务为中心》,《环球法律评论》,2018年第1期。

[18]"Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Single Market for Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and Amending 2000/31/EC", European Commission, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2020%3A825%3AFIN, 2020-12-15.

[19]关于排除成本(cost of exclusion)的研究,参见Tongia, R. and Wilson III, J. E., "The Flip Side of Metcalfe's Law: Multiple and Growing Costs of Network Exclusion", International Journal of Communication, 2011, 5, pp. 665–681。

[20]参见国家市场监督管理总局行政处罚决定书,国市监处〔2021〕28号。

[21]参见张江莉:《论相关产品市场界定中的“产品界定”——多边平台反垄断案件的新难题》,《法学评论》,2019年第1期。

[22]虽然有学者提出,针对超级平台的挑战,反垄断法应当探索建立审慎科学的“预防+事中事后+持续”的规制逻辑,但是,这种主张能否在反垄断法的框架内实现,仍然值得讨论。参见陈兵:《因应超级平台对反垄断法规制的挑战》,《法学》,2020年第2期。

[23]有关理论讨论,参见Wheeler, T.; Verveer, P. and Kimmelman G., "New Digital Realities; New Oversight Solutions in the U.S. The Case for a Digital Platform Agency and a New Approach to Regulatory Oversight", The Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy in Harvard Kenney School, https://shorensteincenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/New-Digital-Realities_August-2020.pdf, 2020-08-20; Feld, H., "The Case for the Digital Platform Act: Market Structure and Regulation of Digital Platforms", Roosevelt Institute, https://www.publicknowledge.org/assets/uploads/documents/Case_for_the_Digital_Platform_Act_Harold_Feld_2019.pdf, 2019-05-08。

[24]参见《国新办举行“推进制造强国网络强国建设助力全面建成小康社会”发布会》,国新办官网,http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfbh/xwbfbh/wqfbh/44687/46830/index.htm,2021年10月31日引用。

[25]See Furman, J. and Coyle, D. (eds.), "Unlocking Digital Competition: Report of the Digital Competition Expert panel", UK Government Publication, HM Treasury, 2019.

[26]See Peterson, L. L. and Davie, B.S., Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2003, pp. 27-30.

[27]Wu, T., "Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination", Journal on Telecommunication and High Technology Law, 2003, 2(1), p. 142.

[28]DeAgostino, S., "Neutrality in the Modern World: Internet Regulation's Impact on Economics and Society", Notre Dame Journal of International & Comparative Law, 2020, 10(1).

[29]参见《中华人民共和国电信条例》第二章第二节,第43条。

[30]参见丁晓东:《网络中立与平台中立:中立性视野下的网络架构与平台责任》,《法制与社会发展》,2021年第4期。

[31]参见《国新办举行“推进制造强国网络强国建设助力全面建成小康社会”发布会》,国新办官网,http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfbh/xwbfbh/wqfbh/44687/46830/index.htm,2021年10月31日引用。

[32]相关报道可以参见钱童、原瑞阳、关聪:《互联网“拆墙”》,《财新周刊》,2021年第38期。

[33]See Lanham, R. A., The Economics of Attention: Style and Substance in the Age of Information, The University of Chicago Press, 2006, p. 7.

[34]因此,学术界有网络到底应当是“笨管道”还是“聪明管道”的争论,参见Lenard, T.M. and May R.J. (eds.), Net Neutrality or Net Neutering: Should Broadband Internet Services be Regulated, Springer, 2006。

[35]See Goldman, E., "Search Engine Bias and the Demise of Search Engine Utopianism", Yale Journal of Law and Technology, 2006(8).

[36]Grimmelmann, J., "The Structure of Search Engine Law", Iowa Law Review, 2007, 93(1), p. 4.

[37]“事物的本质”在法律上的意义可以参见陈爱娥:《事物本质在行政法上之适用》,《中国法律评论》,2019年第3期。

[38]Julie E. Cohen, "What Privacy is For", HARV. L. REV., 2013, 126, pp. 1904-1933.

[39]《全国人民代表大会宪法和法律委员会关于〈中华人民共和国个人信息保护法(草案)〉审议结果的报告——2021年8月17日在第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第三十次会议上》,《全国人民代表大会常务委员会公报》,2021年第6号。

[40]关于自我优待实证研究表明,自我优待对平台经济效益、消费者福利、社会整体福利的影响并不明晰。Li, Z. and Agarwal, A., "Platform Integration and Demand Spillover in Complementary Markets: Evidence from Facebook's Integration of Instagram", Management Science, 2016, 63(10). Gil, R. and Warzynski, F., "Vertical Integration, Exclusivity and Game Sales Performance in the U.S. Video Game Industry", The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 2015, 31(1)。

[41]赵鹏:《私人审查的界限——论网络交易平台对用户内容的行政责任》,《清华法学》,2016年第6期。

[42]有学者提出引入比例原则规范电子商务平台的私权力,参见刘权:《网络平台的公共性及其实现——以电商平台的法律规制为视角》,《法学研究》,2020年第2期。

[43]对此,可以参考有学者提出的信息信义义务理论。Jack M. Balkin, "Information Fiduciaries and the First Amendment", UC Davis Law Review, 2016, 49(4)。

责 编/张 晓

赵鹏,中国政法大学法治政府研究院院长、教授、博导,中国政法大学互联网与法律规制研究中心主任。研究方向为行政法、网络与数据法、卫生法、科技法。主要著作有《风险社会的行政法回应:以健康、环境风险规制为中心》、《惩罚性赔偿的行政法反思》(论文)、《私人审查的界限——论网络交易平台对用户内容的行政责任》(论文)等。

Platform Fairness: The Basic Principle of Legal Regulation of Internet Platforms

Zhao Peng

Abstract: The rise of platform economy means that the Internet shows a trend of "re-centralization". When the dominant Internet platforms occupy the pivotal position in the Internet information spread and interaction activities, the law needs to strengthen their obligations from two aspects, namely, the duty of care for the users' illegal acts and the universal service obligation. Because the law has multiple expectations for the function of the platforms, and the role of the platforms in the matching of supply and demand is becoming more and more active, the neutrality principle developed by the traditional Internet law is difficult to be used as the basic principle of the legal regulation of the platforms now. The law should face up to the self-logic of the platform economy; establish a regulatory framework based on the principle of "platform fairness"; and require that the differentiated service supply of the platforms must be based on fairness, the platform governance must follow due process, and the platform service needs to comply with public ethics.

Keywords: legal regulation, platform fairness, platform power, platform economy

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