总之,西方新干涉主义无论打着什么样的旗号、披着什么样的外衣,都掩盖不了其逆历史潮流的本质,其动机是损人利己的,其手段是残酷的,其后果是严重的、非人道的并将长期持续,因而不该通行无阻。这一切给世界各国包括西方国家自己留下了深刻的教训。第一,人是世界上一切社会活动的主体和目的,国家是以政府为代表的人类群体最高组织形式,国家行为应该理性并服务于人的生存和发展,坚守维护人性尊严、珍爱生命的底线。西方国家的干涉行为显露出工具理性追求与价值理性追求的相互割裂,喊的是“自由”、“民主”、“人权”的价值观口号,行的是以精准的军事工具践踏他国主权和他国人民的自由、民主、人权,甚至剥夺大量无辜平民的生命。这从反面证明,只有将工具理性与价值理性有机结合起来,才能使科技发达、物资富足服务于良善动机,才能减少空放厥词的假卫道士行为、限制物质工具使用的极端化,进而促进人类的和平、友爱与合作,实现国家之间、文明之间的和谐共赢。第二,世界各国在面对其他国家的发展选择和艰难曲折时,理应超越消极、悲观的惯性思维,历史地、辩证地看待问题,坚守尊重民族国家发展多样性、自主性的底线。世界各国尤其是大国的发展历程普遍呈现出文明发展螺旋式上升、由黑暗走向光明的内在规律。其间,没有一个国家能够免于这样、那样的困难和问题,克服困难、解决问题的路径有千万条,最安全和最能确保可持续发展的路径唯有和平、自主之路。外部压力和干预必须也只能通过国内因素才能起作用,只能扮演辅助的或者补充的角色。从应对方式看,越是复杂的问题越是需要综合治理,需要经济、政治等多种方式并用;军事途径和军事手段应是迫不得已的最后选择。第三,全球化时代的大国既要有全球化思维,还要有全球性担当,从而才能享有政治影响力和道义感召力,在世界事务中占据优势甚或主导地位。全球化时代,世界各国相互依赖关系更加深化,形成了你中有我、我中有你和一荣俱荣、一损俱损的局面。发达国家从中受益最多、最大,理应对世界做出更多、更大的回报。国家越是发达,就越是能够、也应该有所作为,为世界和平与发展做出贡献。美、英、法等西方大国应该而且有能力扮演这样的大国角色,为解决国际、跨国的问题和有关国家内部问题采取积极而有意义的行动,比如减少使用武力、推动和平谈判和政治协商,以减少冲突和战争危险、维护世界和平,而不是耀武扬威、以牺牲他人生命和财产为代价推行自己的价值观和社会政治制度。
参考文献:
[1]Laurent Fabius Reports to Senate on Mali intervention[R].January 16, 2013, http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/Laurent-Fabius-reports-to-Senate; The battle moves to the mountains[J].The Economist, February 9, 2013.
[2]World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization. A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All[R]. The International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland, February 2004.
[3]陈岳.国际政治学概论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008.
[4]Gordon L. Bowen. Understanding American Foreign Policy[Z]. http://www.mbc.edu/faculty/gbowen/weinberger.htm.
[5]The White House. A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement[R].Washington D. C., 1994/1995/1996.
[6]The White House. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America[R].September 2002.
[7]The White House Office of the Press Secretary. Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on libya[R]. National Defense University, http://www.whitehouse.gov/thepress-office/2011/03/28/remarks-presidentaddress-nation-libya.
[8]李长久.战争与美国[J].世界经济与政治,2003,(11).
[9]美国1989-1999十年对外用兵“清单”[Z].http://www.globalview.cn/readnews. asp?newsid=1194.
[10]Kenneth R. Bazinet. A Fight vs. Evil, Bush And Cabinet Tell U. S. [N]. Daily News, New York, September 17, 2001.
[11]Bush. Leave Iraq within 48 hours[R]. Special Report, CNN, March 18, 2003.
[12]Josh Rogin Exclusive: Top U. S. admiral admits we are trying to kill Qaddafi[R]. The Cable, Reporting Inside the Foreign Policy Machine, June 24, 2011.
[13]Iraq: the Human Cost—Looking back on Ten Years of War, trauma, Death, & Displacement[Z]. http://mit.edu/humancostiraq/.
[14]libya's "Devastating" Refugee Crisis: By the Numbers[J]. The Week, May 10, 2011.
[15]Milan Zari, Slobodan Petkovi and Zoran Devi. The Use of Depleted Uranium Ammunition during NATO Aggression against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia[J]. Archive of Oncology, Institute of Oncology Sremska Kamenica, Yugoslavia, No. 4, 2001.
[16]Doctrine of the International Community[R].Tony Blair's Speech before the Chicago Economic Club, April 22, 1999.
[17]John F. Harris. A Celebratory Clinton Declares Victory[N]. The Washington Post, June 11, 1999.
[18]外交部官员:要坚决防止“保护的责任”被滥用[Z]. http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2012/01-13/3603886.shtml.
[19]The Responsibility to Protect[R]. Report of ICISS, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, December 2001; 2005 World Summit Outcome, UN Document A-RES-60-1, September 16, 2005.
[20]2005 World Summit Outcome[R]. UN Document A-RES-60-1, September 16, 2005; Responsibility to Protect[R]. UN Office of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/adviser/.
[21]David Manning. Downing Street Memo, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB328/II-Doc14.pdf.
[22]Polling Report-Iraq[R]. http://www.pollingreport.com/iraq.htm
[23]Richard Norton-Taylor. 53% of Britons Think Iraq Invasion Was Wrong, Poll Shows[Z]. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/14/britons-iraq-invasion-wrong-poll
[24]George W. Bush Apologizes for Iraq War[N]. The Daily Current, March 20, 2013.
[25]Louis Henkin Right vs. Might: International Law and the Use of Force[M]. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1989.
[26]Joseph Nye. Ill-suited for Empire[N]. The Washington Post, May 25, 2003.
[27]Steven Metz. Swan Song—Is libya the end of NATO?[J]. New Republic, Weekly, April 15, 2011.
[28]Gideon Rachman libya, a Last Hurrah for the West[J]. Financial Times, March 28, 2011.
[29]The White House Office of the Press Secretary. Obama's Speech on U. S. Policies in Middle East and North Africa[R]. May 19, 2011.
[30]Daniel trotta. Iraq War Cost U. S. More Than $2 trillion, Could Grow to $6 trillion, Says Watson Institute Study[N]. The Huffington Post, March 14, 2013.
[31]Charlie Spiering. Hillary Clinton: How could this happen in a country we helped liberate?[N]. The Washington Examiner, September 12, 2012.